Consider alternatives to affirmative action by race: Wealth and income of family. Relatives who have been convicted for drug-dealing offenses and other crimes highly correlated with social class. Relatives in enlisted military.
Attempt to directly address these persistent and institutionalized barriers to access.
Strictly race seems problematic anyway. While there are elements of society which discriminate strictly by skin color, most probably incorporate many other factors, social markers, as well. Do affirmative action based on those social markers, instead of, or in addition to, race. Many of these social markers might be highly controversial to give someone an advantage in (say) college admissions. They are or represent things toward which the upper classes have a deep-seated hatred or resentment. Courtship rituals and attitudes toward sex.
Inspired by Fisher v. University of Texas.
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