Assuming we want to implement the most drastic solution to global warming, the Genghis Khan solution, the only political structure that I can think of that could cause and sustain huge amounts of death and remain stable for a century or more would be a grassroots global movement advocating suicide.
"Will your contribution to human civilization be enough to offset the greenhouse emissions you will produce and induce?" Research could provide objective quantitative hints for people to be able to answer this question for themselves.
Making suicide socially acceptable seems within the realm of possibility: this is a noble cause. Currently, powerful social taboos prevent actions like this from even being discussed.
Science can probably help people get past their self-preservation instinct if that is the only thing stopping them.
We will need robust social institutions to take care of children should parents choose to take their lives but their children choose not, including convincing parents that their children will end up in good hands. Alternatively, legalization of parents/caregivers to murder dependents if new caregivers cannot be found.
One country losing a lot of population to suicide but a rival country not could be politically destabilizing: population is normally a strategic resource that can be exploited to populate armies and economically support the military. Counteract this effect by incorporating political action into the movement's philosophy: commit suicide to protest and prevent your country going to, or attempting to go to, unjust war. Game theoretically, this avoids the Prisoner's Dilemma of neither country wanting to reduce their population.
Ultimately, I think this is the most just way to implement mass death to reverse global warming. It won't be perfect: there will certainly be vast amounts of successful deception and manipulation to convince people to take their lives or not to take their lives. However, keeping the decision a purely personal decision -- only suicide, never murder (except possibly of dependents) -- avoids the inevitability of exploitation of power structures that would occur if one person were permitted to decide whether another person lives or dies. Exploitation of power to reduce population as in the original Genghis Khan solution, is, I suspect, one of the ways the world might end up worse despite the reduced greenhouse emissions: it might cause resentment and conflict that persists for generations afterward. Furthermore, any solution that relies on exploitation of power probably cannot be stable for the requisite century or more.
The less radical Voluntary Human Extinction Movement only advocates not reproducing, but I think that runs into major problems as the population ages.
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