[eohesmpe] Amazing scientific advancements

Have there been cases in science where an "amazing" new theory suggests a new experiment which disproves an old theory?  More specifically, the old theory was doing perfectly fine; no one else suspected anything wrong with it until this scientist came along, perhaps armed with deep insight or touched by god, with this new theory "out of nowhere", and, later, an unusual but feasible experiment which would prove the old theory wrong?

The above case is in contrast to the following two "normal" routes to scientific progress and new theories.

First, an observation is made, disagreeing with old theory.  A new theory is developed to explain the new observation.

Or, first, a defect is noticed in an old theory.  Perhaps it predicts nonsensical results or doesn't make a prediction at all under certain conditions.  A new theory is developed to correct the defect.  Einstein's special relativity took this route: Maxwell's equations and Newtonian mechanics did not line up.

This latter case is difficult to distinguish from the "amazing" case above, perhaps so difficult they are actually the same.  The distinguishing aspect I am trying to make is to what extent a new theory was known to be needed when the new theory arrived.