[uuwzuzas] alphabet of 40 to 50 letters

are there any languages written with an alphabet which has at least one distinct letter per phoneme?

maybe Thai or Korean (Hangul).

by some counts, English has about 44 phonemes, so definitely not English, also evidenced by digraphs such as SH needed to represent phonemes not representable by any single letter.

it is OK to have more letters than phonemes, perhaps for lossless transliteration to and from another language.  Thai does this for Sanskrit.  English similarly has C and K and CK and Q; C and S; F and PH; and X and KS and CKS; and J and ZH, for etymological reasons.

with English doing digraphs and more to signify different sounds, and other languages that use the Latin alphabet adding all sorts of diacritical marks, it is clear that the Latin alphabet is insufficient.  the Romans must have known this, perhaps noticing difficulties in transliterating Greek theta, chi, and others (avoid collision between filia and philia).  it is surprising that some emperor did not try to fix the alphabet by fiat; instead, we and a huge chunk of the world are stuck with the shortcomings of the Latin alphabet and the various gymnastics that we have to do to encode more sounds than letters.